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lição quarenta e sete:
Adjetivos
Comparativo x Superlativo
Artigo escrito por Andrea.
Na aula de inglês de hoje, falaremos sobre adjetivos comparativos e superlativos. Basicamente, iremos discutir como tornar os adjetivos mais fortes ou mais fracos.
Aqui estão duas maneiras de ouvir junto.
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Vamos começar
Nesta lição, falaremos sobre adjetivos comparativos e superlativos. Basicamente, iremos discutir como tornar os adjetivos mais fortes ou mais fracos.
Formas Positivas de Adjetivos
Primeiro, vamos começar com as formas básicas de adjetivos. Esses são os adjetivos com os quais você provavelmente está mais familiarizado. Todo adjetivo tem uma forma básica, ou forma positiva. Formas positivas de adjetivos são usadas para descrever pessoas, lugares, coisas e ideias.
Exemplos de adjetivos positivos são “blue”, “tall”, or “cold”. Na frase “Julio is brilliant,” qual seria o adjetivo? Seria “brilliant”.
Exemplos: great, pink, bright, fun, straight, bearable, rainy
Adjetivos comparativos
Os adjetivos comparativos são formas mais fracas ou fortes de adjetivos básicos. Eles também são usados quando você deseja comparar duas coisas.
Exemplo: Nathan is taller than Joanna.
Para adjetivos comparativos, adicione um –er (ou alguma forma dele) ao final do adjetivo, ou adicione a palavra “more” ou “less” antes do adjetivo. Adicionar um “more/less” antes, ou um “-er” depois, depende do tipo de adjetivo. Um exemplo clássico disso é o adjetivo “fun”. Nunca devemos dizer “funner”. Devíamos dizer “more fun”. Veremos todas as regras comparativas / superlativas um pouco mais adiante nesta lição.
Adjetivos comparativos com –er: greater, pinker, brighter, straighter
Adjetivos comparativos usando “more” or “less”: more brilliant, more bearable, less awful, less stable
Adjetivos superlativos
Adjetivos superlativos são usados para mostrar a versão mais extrema de um adjetivo. Eles também são usados para comparar três ou mais coisas. Superlativos são os mais fortes ou fracos que um adjetivo pode ser.
Exemplo: Nathan is the tallest person in his family.
Para adjetivos superlativos, adicione um –est (ou alguma forma dele) ao final do adjetivo, ou adicione a palavra “most” ou “least” antes do adjetivo. Adicionar “most/least” antes, ou “-est” depois, depende do tipo de adjetivo.
Adjetivos superlativos com –est: greatest, pinkest, brightest, straightest
Adjetivos superlativos com “most” or “least”: most brilliant, most bearable, least awful, least stable
Regras para Adjetivos Comparativos e Superlativos
Regra #1 – Para a maioria dos adjetivos de uma sílaba, adicione –er para torná-lo comparativo e –est para torná-lo superlativo.
Exemplo: green – greener – greenest
Regra #2 – Para um adjetivo monossilábico em que a palavra termina em –e, adicione apenas –r ao final da palavra para um comparativo e –st para um superlativo.
Exemplo: white – whiter – whitest
Regra #3 – Para um adjetivo monossilábico que termina em uma única consoante e uma vogal vem antes dela, duplique a consoante e adicione um –er para um comparativo e um –est para um superlativo.
Exemplo: red – redder – reddest
Regra #4 – Para a maioria dos adjetivos de duas sílabas, “more” é usado para a forma comparativa e “most” é usado para a forma superlativa.
Exemplo: purple – more purple – most purple
Regra #5 – Para adjetivos de duas sílabas que terminam em ‘y’, altere ‘y’ para um ‘i’ e, em seguida, adicione –er para um comparativo e –est para um superlativo.
Exemplo: happy – happier – happiest
Regra #6 – Para adjetivos de duas sílabas que terminam em –er, -ow ou –le, adicione –er ou –r para um comparativo e –est ou –st para um superlativo.
Exemplo: yellow – yellower – yellowest
Regra #7 – Para adjetivos de três ou mais sílabas, use “more” para comparativos e “most” para superlativos.
Exemplo: important – more important – most important
Regra #8 – Alguns adjetivos não seguem nenhuma das regras acima, porque são adjetivos irregulares.
Exemplos: good – better – best AND quiet – quieter – quietest
Comente abaixo com seu adjetivo favorito se você achou esta lição útil. Se você gostou desta lição, acho que gostaria do meu curso Clear English Pronunciation.
Até a próxima, feliz aprendizado!
Andrea
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Jhessika Nascimento is the Director of International Partnerships for Study With Andrea and lives in Brasilia, Brazil.
Jhessika is a bilingual teacher of English and Portuguese, studying for a Master's Degree in Strategic Management in Information Technologies at the Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana.
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The following is a TOEFL Reading practice test to help you prepare for the Reading section of the TOEFL test.
Instructions: Read the sample passage below and then answer the questions that follow.
TOEFL Reading Practice Passage
Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forest of central Sub-Saharan Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas (both critically endangered), and either four or five subspecies. They are the largest living primates. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos.
Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres (7,200 to 14,100 ft). Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda.
(#1) Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking, although they sometimes walk upright for short distances, typically while carrying food or in defensive situations. (#2) A 2018 study investigating the hand posture of 77 mountain gorillas at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (8% of the population) found that knuckle walking was done only 60% of the time, and they also supported their weight on their fists, the backs of their hands/feet, and on their palms/soles (with the digits flexed). (#3) Studies of gorilla handedness have yielded varying results, with some arguing for no preference for either hand, and others right-hand dominance for the general population. (#4)
The eastern gorilla is more darkly colored than the western gorilla, with the mountain gorilla being the darkest of all. The mountain gorilla also has the thickest hair. The western lowland gorilla can be brown or grayish with a reddish forehead. In addition, gorillas that live in lowland forest are more slender and agile than the more bulky mountain gorillas. The eastern gorilla also has a longer face and broader chest than the western gorilla. Like humans, gorillas have individual fingerprints. Their eye color is dark brown, framed by a black ring around the iris. Gorilla facial structure is described as mandibular prognathism, that is, the mandible protrudes farther out than the maxilla. Adult males also have a prominent sagittal crest.
A gorilla's lifespan is normally between 35 and 40 years, although zoo gorillas may live for 50 years or more. Colo, a female western gorilla at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, was the oldest known gorilla at 60 years of age when she died on 17 January 2017.
Questions
1. According to the passage, gorillas can live in
a. a variety of altitudes.
b. several different countries in Africa.
c. thick forests.
d. lowland forests only.
2. All of the following is true about gorillas EXCEPT
a. they primarily eat smaller animals.
b. they live in a forest habitat.
c. their genetics are similar to humans.
d. their diet consists of vegetation.
3. Look at the word predominantly in paragraph 1. The word predominantly in this passage refers to
a. impulsively
b. unfortunately
c. mainly
d. lastly
4. Look at the word inhabits in paragraph 2. The word inhabits in this passage refers to
a. lives in
b. protects
c. goes
d. works
5. The author implies that
a. most gorillas prefer using their left hand over their right.
b. gorillas rarely walk on their knuckles.
c. gorillas regularly walk upright for long distances.
d. studies haven't solidly proven which hand gorillas prefer using.
6. Why does the writer mention that the eastern gorilla also has a longer face and broader chest than the western gorilla?
a. To validate the importance a broad chest in western gorillas
b. To define the meaning of "broad"
c. To highlight a physical difference between types of gorillas
d. To demonstrate that most gorillas are identical in physical build
7. Which of the following statements is true for BOTH eastern and western gorillas.
a. Both eastern and western gorrilas are brown with red foreheads.
b. Both eastern and western gorrilas have unique fingerprints.
c. Both eastern and western gorrilas have thin hair.
d. Both eastern and western gorrilas have light brown eyes.
8. In Paragraph 3, look at the four numbers (#1, #2, #3, #4) that indicate where the following sentence would be added to the passage.
Such a range of hand postures was previously thought to have been used by only orangutans.
Where would the sentence best fit?
(View all the correct answers below.)
Great job! If you're ready to take your TOEFL preparation to the next level, go to StudyWithAndrea.com/TOEFL.
Answers: 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. d 6. c 7. b 8. #3
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Andrea Giordano is the founder of StudyWithAndrea.com and has taught more than 1,000,000 students from 180 countries. Andrea holds a Master of Education (TESOL) from Shenandoah University, and is the former Executive Director of TESOL and ESL programs at Campbellsville University. Andrea is a proven leader in online English teaching and is driven by her passion to help you speak English clearly.
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